mendeleev[Mendeleev的音标]

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很多朋友在找时都会咨询mendeleev和Mendeleev的音标，这说明有一部分人对这个问题不太了解，您了解吗？那么什么是Mendeleev的音标？下面就由小编带大家详细了解一下吧！

不断有人提出各种类型周期表不下170余种。

1869年化学家门捷列夫将当时已经发现的元素（63种）按照原子质量大小来进行了排列，并把一些化学性质形似的元素放在一列，这就是元素周期表的雏形。此后不断有人提出各种类型周期表不下170余种。

扩展资料：

元素周期表的组成和意义：

原子的核外电子排布和性质有明显的规律性，科学家们是按原子序数递增排列，将电子层数相同的元素放在同一行，将最外层电子数相同的元素放在同一列。

元素周期表有7个周期，16个族。每一个横行叫作一个周期，每一个纵行叫作一个族（VIII族包含三个纵列）。这7个周期又可分成短周期（1、2、3）、长周期（4、5、6、7）。共有16个族，从左到右每个纵列算一族（VIII族除外）。例如：氢属于I A族元素，而氦属于0族元素。

元素在周期表中的位置不仅反映了元素的原子结构，也显示了元素性质的递变规律和元素之间的内在联系。使其构成了一个完整的体系，被称为化学发展的重要里程碑之一。

同一周期内，从左到右，元素核外电子层数相同，最外层电子数依次递增，原子半径递减（零族元素除外）。失电子能力逐渐减弱，获电子能力逐渐增强，金属性逐渐减弱，非金属性逐渐增强。

元素的最高正氧化数从左到右递增（没有正价的除外），最低负氧化数从左到右递增（第一周期除外，第二周期的O、F元素除外）。

同一族中，由上而下，最外层电子数相同，核外电子层数逐渐增多，原子半径增大，原子序数递增，元素金属性递增，非金属性递减。

参考资料来源：百度百科-元素周期表

德米特里·门捷列夫(Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev，1834年2月7日-1907年2月2日)出生于俄罗斯西伯利亚。他毕业于圣彼得堡高等师范学校，是19世纪的俄罗斯化学家。他发现了元素周期定律(但纽兰兹是第一个发现元素周期定律的人，门捷列夫是后来总结和改进了目前使用的元素周期定律的人)，并出版了世界上第一个元素周期表。

门捷列夫指出，元素的性质随着原子量的增加而周期性变化。根据现代原子结构理论，元素的周期规律可以更精确地表达为：元素的性质随着元素原子数(核电荷数或质子数)的增加而周期性变化。根据元素周期定律，所有元素都按照原子序数的增加按一定的规律排列，从而得到元素周期表。可以说元素周期表是元素周期定律的表达式。

元素周期规律在化学和其他自然科学的发展中起着重要的指导作用。人们可以根据它来理解和预测未知的物质世界，并可以用来不断发现新的化学元素。门捷列夫用元素周期定律预测了当时尚未发现的六种元素(钪、镓、锗、锝、铼、钋)的存在和性质。元素的周期规律也指导着元素和化合物性质的系统研究，成为现代材料结构理论发展的基础。

元素的周期规律也具有重要的哲学意义。这是唯物辩证法从量变到质变规律的有力例证。它还揭示了自然物质的内在联系，反映了物质世界的统一性和规律性。恩格斯评论说，“门捷列夫无意识地运用了黑格尔把数量转化为质量的定律，完成了科学上的一项功勋。这种功勋可以与海王星的功勋相提并论，而海王星的功勋在勒维烈的计算中并不为人知”

一提到元素周期表，我相信大家现在依然能口述出前二十位元素，因为元素周期表在我们的学习生涯中，和乘法口诀的重要性相当。所以我们今天就聊一聊元素周期表是如何发展的，以及在解释元素化学性质的趋势方面，原子结构被人们理解之前的作用和预测未知元素方面的重要性。

谈现代炼金术和“超重”元素的发现:自从门捷列夫提出元素的周期性分类理论以来，科学家们就开始着手发现了更多的元素。过去40年左右的时间里，科学家们用高能粒子轰击原子一直在寻找地球上通常不存在的元素。试图实现炼金术士点石成金的梦想，即把一种元素变成另一种元素。

1999年，加州的科学家声称已经制造出了118号“超重元素”。他们从元素周期表的位置预测，这种元素将是第七种惰性气体。三年后，这些科学家撤回了他们的发现，原因是他们无法通过重复实验来发现这种新元素。但是在2002年至2005年期间，俄罗斯和美国科学家通力合作最终收集到足够的证据，并宣布发现了118号元素。科学家们的结果表明，他们从这种新元素中制造了几个原子，然后这些原子自发地分解成更简单的元素。

该元素的符号为Uuo，名称为ununoctium。这种元素的符号和名称看起来并不像我们平时认识到的其他元素，科学家们可能需要很多年才能给它一个两个字母的原子符号和一个合适的名称，因为在定义元素名称上必须有国际协议。

几千年来，人们对周围世界的物质性质一直很好奇，并对构成这些物质的最简单的物质形式或“元素”进行了理论研究。

然而，直到近200年现代实验工作开始以来，化学家们才确信他们已经发现了元素，一种化学上无法转化为更简单物质的物质，这时化学家才能开始设计出有用的理论来解释元素是如何相互联系的，这些理论有助于科学家在材料学的知识和理解上取得进展。

1869年2月17日，俄国化学家德米特里·门捷列夫(Dmitri Mendeleev)发表了关于元素性质的著作，他把早期人们的观察和发现，按照原子质量的顺序把化学元素的符号集合起来。门捷列夫的对化学元素的整合成为第一个现代元素周期表。极大地加速了新元素的发现和对其性质的理解。

2000多年前，古希腊人把世界上所有的物质都描绘成由土、水、空气和火四种“元素”组成的。现在让我们看来，这个想法似乎很不靠谱，但古希腊人是思想家，而不是实验科学家。他们的模型反映了物质的三种状态。如固体、液体、气体，它们具有相互转化的能力。

一些比古希腊文明还要久远的文明，它们通过将矿石与木炭混合，在一个简单的熔炉中加热，就能生产出铜和汞等金属元素。在古代生产金属及其合金的动力不是因为人们对化学本身感兴趣，而是因为人们需要制造耐磨性强、不易破碎的工具和武器。

在道尔顿的原子理论中，他提出了原子是一种元素中最小的部分，并且不能被分裂，而且一种特定元素的原子有其特有的质量。我们现在称这个质量为元素的相对原子质量，但在道尔顿时代，它被称为原子量。

约翰·德贝赖纳(Johann Dobereiner)是寻找元素分类方法的科学家之一。1829年，他报告了他在当时已知的元素中发现的模式和规律。他注意到，具有类似性质的元素可以分为三个元素，即三素元素，并且在它们的相对原子质量值中有一个数学模式。其中一个三素组合是锂、钠和钾，这些元素是戴维通过电解发现的。

德贝赖纳的发现已经开始给大自然带来了秩序。他的研究显示出相对原子质量中存在的模式。1864年，约翰·纽兰兹将元素按相对原子质量的顺序排列。他也发现了一种模式，具有相似化学性质的元素彼此之间相隔八个位置，就像八度音阶中的音符一样。

门捷列夫早期的元素周期表在他那个时代的化学家中产生了相当大的影响，因为元素周期表揭示了已知和未知元素特性的清晰模式和趋势。化学家们第一次能够猜测可能存在的元素，周期表上的缺口也激励着化学家们有目标的去寻找新的元素。

门捷列夫发现了什么

门捷列夫发现化学元素的周期性(但是真正第一位发现元素周期律的是纽兰兹，门捷列夫是后来经过总结，改进得出现在使用的元素周期律的)，依照原子量，制作出世界上第一张元素周期表，并据以预见了一些尚未发现的元素。

门捷列夫的研究领域

1、化学，特别是无机化学、物理化学。

2、门捷列夫除了发现元素周期律外，还研究过气体定律、气象学、石油工业、农业化学、无烟火药、度量衡，由于他的辛勤劳动，在这些领域都不同程度地做出了成绩。

门捷列夫(Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев)1834年2月7日出生于西伯利亚托博尔斯克，1907年2月2日卒于彼得堡。

1848年入彼得堡国立交通大学，1850年入彼得堡师范学院学习化学，1855年取得教师资格，并获金质奖章，毕业后任敖德萨中学教师。

1856年获化学高等学位，1857年首次取得大学职位，任彼得堡大学副教授。1859年他到德国海德堡大学深造。

1860年参加了在卡尔斯鲁厄召开的国际化学家代表大会。

1861年回彼得堡从事科学著述工作。1863年任工艺学院教授，1864年，门捷列夫任技术专科学校化学教授，1865年获化学博士学位。

1866年任彼得堡大学普通化学教授，1867年任化学教研室主任。

1893年起，任度量衡局局长。1890年当选为英国皇家学会外国会员。

1907年2月2日，俄国著名化学家门捷列夫逝世，享年73岁。 为纪念这位伟大的科学家，1955年，由美国的乔索(A.Gniorso)、哈维(B.G.Harvey)、肖邦(G.R.Choppin)等人，在加速器中用氦核轰击锿(253Es)，锿与氦核相结合，发射出一个中子，而获得了新的元素，便以门捷列夫(Mendeleyev)的名字命名为钔(Mendelevium，Md)。

门捷列夫发现了元素周期律，在世界上留下了不朽的光荣，人们给他以很高的评价。恩格斯在《自然辩证法》一书中曾经指出。”门捷列夫不自觉地应用黑格尔的量转化为质的规律，完成了科学上的一个勋业，这个勋业可以和勒维烈计算尚未知道的行星海王星的轨道的勋业居于同等地位。”由于时代的局限性，门捷列夫的元素周期律并不是完整无缺的。1894年，稀有气体氩的发现，对周期律是一次考验和补充。1913年，英国物理学家莫塞莱在研究各种元素的伦琴射线波长与原子序数的关系后，证实原子序数在数量上等于原子核所带的阳电荷，进而明确作为周期律的基础不是原子量而是原子序数。在周期律指导下产生的原子结构学说，不仅赋予元素周期律以新的说明，并且进一步阐明了周期律的本质，把周期律这一自然法则放在更严格更科学的基础上。元素周期律经过后人的不断完善和发展，在人们认识自然，改造自然，征服自然的斗争中，发挥着越来越大的作用。

Dmitri Mendeleev

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dimitri Mendeleev (Russian: Дми?трий Ива?нович Менделе?ев, Dimitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev listen (help·info)) (8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 in Tobolsk – 2 February [O.S. ] 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Unlike other contributors to the table, Mendeleev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.

Life

Dmitri Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, Russia on February 8, 1834,[1] to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (born Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a Russian priest. Ivan, along with his brothers, obtained new family names while attending Tver theological seminary.[2]

Mendeleev was the youngest child of 17 siblings.[1] At the age of 13,[citation needed] after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother’s factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.

In 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family relocated to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After he graduated, an illness that was diagnosed as tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there he became chief science master of the Simferopol gymnasium №1. He returned with fully restored health to St. Petersburg in 1857.

Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. In late August of 1861 he wrote his first book on the spectroscope in which it received high acclaim. In 1862, he married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva. Mendeleev became Professor of Chemistry at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and the University of St. Petersburg in 1863 he achieved tenure in 1867, and by 1871 had transformed St. Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation “On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol”. In 1876, he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist; the Russian Orthodox Church required at least 7 years before lawful re-marriage. His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences (despite his international fame by that time). His daughter from his second marriage, Lyubov, became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok. His other children were son Vladimir (a sailor, he took part in the notable Eastern journey of Nicholas II) and daughter Olga, from his first marriage to Feozva, and son Ivan and a pair of twins from Anna.

Though Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London, he resigned from St. Petersburg University on August 17, 1890.

In 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. It was in this role that he was directed to formulate new state standards for the production of vodka. His fascination with molecular weights led him to conclude that to be in perfect molecular balance, vodka should be produced in the ratio of one molecule of ethyl alcohol diluted with five molecules of water, giving a dilution by volume of approximately 38% alcohol to 62% water. As a result of his work, in 1894 new standards for vodka were introduced into Russian law and all vodka had to be produced at 40% alcohol by volume.

Mendeleev also investigated the composition of oil fields, and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia.

Mendeleev died in 1907 in St. Petersburg, Russia from influenza. The Mendeleev crater on the Moon, as well as element number 101, the radioactive mendelevium, are named after him.

Periodic table

One form of Mendeleev’s periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)

One form of Mendeleev’s periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)

Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia

Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia

After becoming a teacher, he wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to create his Periodic Table.

Unknown to Mendeleev, several other scientists had also been working on their own tables of elements. One was John Newlands, who published his Law of Octaves in 1865. However, the lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticised and his ideas were not accepted. Another was Lothar Meyer, who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Like Newlands, Meyer did not seem to have the idea of using a table to predict new elements. In contrast to Newlands’ methodical approach to creating a table, Mendeleev’s was almost accidental and emerged gradually.

As a better understanding of atomic mass was developed and better data became available, Mendeleev made for himself the following table:

Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40

Br 80 Rb 85 Sr 88

I 127 Cs 133 Ba 137

By adding additional elements following this pattern, he developed his version of the periodic table.

On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, which described elements according to both weight and valence. This presentation stated that

1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.

2. Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).

3. The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.

4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.

5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.

6. We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements–for example, two elements, analogous to aluminium and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75.

7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. Here Mendeleev was wrong as the atomic mass of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of iodine (126.9).

8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.

Only a few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements (and predicted several new elements to complete the table), Meyer published a virtually identical table. Some people consider Meyer and Mendeleev the co-creators of the periodic table, although most agree that Mendeleev’s accurate prediction of the qualities of what he called ekasilicon (germanium), ekaaluminium (gallium) and ekaboron (scandium) qualifies him for deserving the majority of the credit for studies.

As others before him had done, he questioned the accuracy of accepted atomic weights, pointing out that they did not correspond to those predicted by the Periodic Law. He noted that tellurium has a higher atomic weight than iodine, but he placed them in the correct order, assuming that the accepted atomic weights at the time were incorrect. He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides, and predicted the existence of another row to the table, the actinides, which were some of the heaviest in atomic mass.

Initially, Mendeleev was derided for there being gaps in the table. Ultimately though, he was vindicated when previously unknown elements (notably scandium, gallium and germanium) were discovered that filled in these holes and possessed properties (atomic weight, density, melting point, etc.) close to what Mendeleev predicted.[3]

Henry Moseley would later help put the periodic table on the correct basis of atom number rather than atomic weight.

Other achievements

Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev has characterized him as “a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy.” Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.

In an attempt at a chemical conception of the Aether, he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium.

Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions.

Mendeleev Medal

Mendeleev Medal

In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac’s law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while as far back as 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews’ conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.

Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire.

He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.

Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded that hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth. He wrote: “The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin.” (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877)[4]

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